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“I am never angry when contradicted; I seek to be enlightened.”

“I wish my ashes to rest on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of that French people which I have loved so much. I die before my time, killed by the English oligarchy and its hired assassins.”

“A revolution is an idea which has found its bayonets.”

“A great people may be killed, but they will not be intimidated.”

“He who fears being conquered is certain of defeat.”

“Love does more harm than good.”

“A man is not dependent upon his fellow creature, when he does not fear death.”

“It is the cause, and not the death that makes the martyr.”

“Even when I am gone, I shall remain in people"s minds the star of their rights, my name will be the war cry of their efforts, the motto of their hopes.”

“Men of genius are meteors, intended to burn to light their century.”

“Glory is fleeting, but obscurity is forever.”

“In choosing a wife, a man does not renounce his mother, and still less is he justified with breaking her heart.”

“Napoleon wanted to turn Paris into Rome under the Caesars, only with louder music and more marble. And it was done. His architects gave him the Arc de Triomphe and the Madeleine.”

Napoleon Biography

Military Leader, Emperor (1769-1821)

Napoleon Bonaparte was a military general who became the first emperor of France. His drive for military expansion changed the world.

Who Was Napoleon Bonaparte?

Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military general, the first emperor of France and is considered one of the world"s greatest military leaders. Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training, sponsored the Napoleonic Code, reorganized education and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy.

It was a humiliating loss, and on June 22, 1815, Napoleon abdicated his powers. In an effort to prolong his dynasty he pushed to have his young son, named emperor, but the coalition rejected the offer.

Where Was Napoleon Born?

Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio, on the French island of Corsica, on August 15, 1769.

Napoleon’s Wives

Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais, widow of General Alexandre de Beauharnais (guillotined during the Reign of Terror) and the mother of two children, on March 9, 1796, in a civil ceremony.

Joséphine was unable to give him a son, so in 1810, Napoleon arranged for the annulment of their marriage that he could wed , the 18-year-old daughter of the emperor of Austria. The couple had a son, (a.k.a. the King of Rome) on March 20, 1811.

Family and Early Years

Napoleon was the fourth, and second surviving, child of Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer, and his wife, Letizia Ramolino.

Around the time of Napoleon"s birth, Corsica"s occupation by the French had drawn considerable local resistance. Carlo Buonaparte had at first supported the nationalists siding with their leader, Pasquale Paoli.

But after Paoli was forced to flee the island, Carlo switched his allegiance to the French. After doing so he was appointed assessor of the judicial district of Ajaccio in 1771, a plush job that eventually enabled him to enroll his two sons, Joseph and Napoleon, in France"s College d"Autun.

Eventually, Napoleon ended up at the military college of Brienne, where he studied for five years, before moving on to the military academy in Paris. In 1785, while Napoleon was at the academy, his father died of stomach cancer.

This propelled Napoleon to take the reins as the head of the family. Graduating early from the military academy, Napoleon, now second lieutenant of artillery, returned to Corsica in 1786.

Back home, Napoleon got behind the Corsican resistance to the French occupation, siding with his father"s former ally, Pasquale Paoli.

But the two soon had a falling out, and when a civil war in Corsica began in April 1793, Napoleon, now an enemy of Paoli, and his family relocated to France, where they assumed the French version of their name: Bonaparte. Napoleon’s return to France from Corsica began with a service with the French military, where he rejoined his regiment at Nice in June 1793.

The French Revolution

The turmoil of the French Revolution created opportunities for ambitious military leaders like Napoleon. The young leader quickly showed his support for the Jacobins, a far-left political movement and the most well-known and popular political club from the French Revolution.

In 1792, three years after the Revolution had begun, France was declared a republic; the following year, was executed. Ultimately, these acts led to the rise of and what became, essentially, the dictatorship of the Committee of Public Safety.

The years of 1793 and 1794 came to be known as the Reign of Terror, in which many as 40,000 people were killed. Eventually the Jacobins fell from power and Robespierre was executed. In 1795, the Directory took control of the country, a power it would it assume until 1799.

Napoleon I Bonaparte (ital. Napoleone Buonaparte, FR. Napoléon Bonaparte, August 15, 1769, Ajaccio, Corsica - 5 may 1821, Longwood, O. of St. Helena) - the Emperor of France 1804-1815, French military leader and statesman, who laid the foundations of the modern French state. Napoleon was born in Ajaccio on the island of Corsica, which has long been under the control of the Republic of Genoa. In 1755 Corsica overthrew the Genoese domination and since that time actually existed as an independent state under the leadership of the local landowner Pasquale Paoli, the Secretary of which was the father of Napoleon. In 1768 the Genoese Republic sold its rights to Corsica to the French king Louis XV. In may 1769 in battle Just when French troops defeated the Corsican rebels, and Paoli emigrated to England. Napoleon was born 3 months after these events. Paoli until 1790-ies remained his idol.

Napoleon was the second of 13 children of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte, Ramolino, five of whom died at an early age. The family belonged to the minor nobility and lived on the island since the beginning of XVI century. Although in the past Carlo Buonaparte was one of the drafters of the Constitution of Corsica, he obeyed the French Supreme power, to be able to give their children education in France. This has helped him to win the favor of the French, and in 1771 Carlo was appointed assessor and became a representative of the nobility in the Corsican Parliament in Paris .

Initially the children were studied at the city school Ajaccio, later Napoleon and some of his brothers and sisters were taught writing and math Abbot. Much success Napoleon reached in mathematics. ____
The crisis of power in Paris reached its apogee to 1799, when Bonaparte was with the army in Egypt. A corrupt Directory was not able to provide the conquests of the revolution. In Italy Russo-Austrian army, commanded by Alexander Suvorov, has closed the acquisition of Napoleon, and even faced the threat of invasion by France. Under these conditions, returning from Egypt, a popular General, relying on loyal army, dispersed representative bodies and the Directory and proclaimed Under the new Constitution, legislative power is shared between the State Council, Tribunate, the Legislative body and the Senate, making her helpless and clumsy. The Executive power, on the contrary, gathered in one fist of the first Consul, that is Bonaparte. The second and third consuls had only a consultative vote. The Constitution was approved by the people at a plebiscite (about 3 million votes to 1.5 thousand) (1800). Later Napoleon pushed through the Senate a decree on poziznennoe their powers (1802), and then proclaimed himself Emperor of France (1804).

At the moment when Napoleon came to power, France was at war with Austria and England. New Italian campaign of Bonaparte resembled the first. After crossing the Alps, the French army suddenly appeared in Northern Italy, enthusiastically meet the local population. Decisive was the victory in the battle of Marengo (1800). The threat to the French border was eliminated

Napoleon I (15.08.1769 - 05.05.1821) - Emperor of the French

Napoleon I Bonaparte was a brilliant military leader and a statesman, who laid the foundation of the modern French state. He came from a family of a humble Corsican nobleman, but the heights that he reached were well noticed in the world. Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio which is the capital of Corsica. There were eight children in his family. At junior age he was sent to study in the Brienne military school in France.

In 1784 he entered the Parisian military academy and a year later joined the artillery troops. He was rather enthusiastic about the start of the French Revolution. In fact, he was appointed a Chief of artillery while returning Toulon occupied by the British. He led a brilliant operation which brought him the rank of brigadier general at the age of 24. In 1795 he became the Commander of the Italian army. The next year he got a chance to show all his leadership skills during the Italian campaign. That was the time when Napoleon gained European fame.

He was very proud of his first large victory. Soon he was sent to run more serious expeditions at the Middle East. The French army was defeated, but it wasn’t Napoleon’s fault as he left the army long before the end of the campaign. He headed to Italy to fight Suvorov’s army. By the time he returned to Paris the country was on the peak of crisis. He was rather popular among the citizens and highly respected. That’s why it was of no difficulty to stage a coup d"etat and proclaim the consulate. In 1802 he was appointed a lifelong consul and two years later - an emperor.

His internal policy was meant to strengthen the all-round personal power. He undertook a number of important reforms in the legal and administrative areas. In fact, when he came to power France was at war with some neighboring countries. That’s why he arranged another Italian campaign to eliminate the outer threats. Moreover, as a result of his military campaigns most of the Western European countries fell under the French subordination. Even Austria, Prussia and Russia were forced to enter the Union that he created.

The first years of his regime were met by French people with enthusiasm. They saw the savior of the motherland in Napoleon. However, the constant war and increasing economic crisis made people exhausted. The bourgeoisie was dissatisfied with the need to spend that much money on everlasting wars. In 1812 the Napoleon’s regime collapsed. It happened right after the Russian troops defeated his army. Two years later he was forced to abdicate. The only title he retained was that of the emperor’s. Soon he was sent into exile on the Elba Island in the Mediterranean.

His second exile, that lasted six years, was on the island of St. Helena. On May, 1821 he died there, but his ashes were brought to Paris in 1840. During his life he was married twice, but had only one heir from Marie-Louise - the Austrian emperor’s daughter. Napoleon I went down in history as an outstanding person with high intellectual abilities and amazing capacity for work.

Наполеон Бонапарт (Napolon Bonaparte) НАПОЛЕОН БОНАПАРТ. Портрет работы П.И.Делароша. (1769 1821), выдающийся французский полководец и государственный деятель. Наполеоне Буонапарте родился 15 августа 1769 в Аяччо (о. Корсика). Он был вторым сыном … Энциклопедия Кольера

НАПОЛЕОН I - Наполеон Бонапарт (Napoléon Bonaparte) (15.VIII.1769 5.V.1821), франц. гос. деятель и полководец, первый консул Франц. республики (1799 1804), император французов (1804 14 и 1815). Род. в г. Аяччо (Корсика) в семье корсиканского небогатого… … Советская историческая энциклопедия

Наполеон I - Наполеон Бонапарт (Napoléon Bonaparte) (15.8.1769, Аяччо, Корсика, 5.5.1821, о. Св. Елены), французский государственный деятель и полководец, первый консул Французской республики (1799 1804), император французов (1804 14 и март июнь 1815) … Большая советская энциклопедия

Наполеон IV - Наполеон Эжен, принц империи Наполеон Эжен (Наполеон Эжен Луи Жан Жозеф Бонапарт, фр. Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph, Prince Impérial; 16 марта 1856 1 июня 1879) принц империи и сын Франции, был единственным ребёнком Наполеона III и… … Википедия

Наполеон I - Наполеон Бонапарт первый консул. Неизвестный художник. Музей ордена Почетного легиона. Париж. НАПОЛЕОН I (Napoleon) (Наполеон Бонапарт) (1769 – 1821), французский император в 1804 – 14 и в марте июне 1815. Уроженец Корсики. Начал службу в… … Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

Наполеон I - Наполеон Бонапарт первый консул. Неизвестный художник. Музей ордена Почетного легиона. Париж. Наполеон Бонапарт первый консул. Неизвестный художник. Музей ордена Почетного легиона. Париж. Наполеон I () () французский император в 1804 1814 гг. и… … Энциклопедический словарь «Всемирная история»

Наполеон I - (Бонапарт) (1769 1821 гг.) полководец, государственный деятель, император 1804 1814, 1815 гг. Большие батальоны всегда правы. В любви единственная победа это бегство. В ранце каждого солдата лежит жезл маршала. Военных сил недостаточно для защиты … Сводная энциклопедия афоризмов

НАПОЛЕОН I - (Napoleon) (Наполеон Бонапарт) (1769 1821), французский император в 1804 14 и в марте июне 1815. Уроженец Корсики. Начал службу в войсках в 1785 в чине младшего лейтенанта артиллерии; выдвинулся в период Французской революции (достигнув чина… … Современная энциклопедия

Наполеон I - (Наполеон Бонапарт) (1769 1821 гг.) французский император в 1804 1814 гг. и в марте июне 1815 г. Уроженец Корсики. Начал службу в войсках в 1785 г. в чине младшего лейтенанта артиллерии; выдвинулся в период Французской революции (достигнув чина… … Исторический словарь

Наполеон I - (Napoleon) (Наполеон Бонапарт) (1769 1821). Выдающийся французский полководец, первый консул Французской республики в 1799 1804 гг., французский император в 1804 1814 и 1815 гг … 1000 биографий

Наполеон - а, муж.Отч.: Наполеонович, Наполеоновна.Производные: Наполеонка; Поля; Лёва.Происхождение: (Предположительно от греч. Neapolis, Nea polis Неаполь, Новый город.)Именины: 17 окт. Словарь личных имён. Наполеон а, м. Отч.: Наполеонович, Наполеоновна … Словарь личных имен

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Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Corsica Island. He was the greatest hero of France. His family had moved there from Italy in the 16th century. His original name was Napoleone and his original nationality was Corsican-Italian.

His father was a lawyer, and was anti-French. One reason Napoleon may have been such a great leader and revolutionary, that he was raised in a family of radicals. When Napoleon was nine, his father sent him to Brienne, a French military government school in Paris. It was there that he received his military training. He studied to be an artilleryman and an of f i-cero He finished his training and joined the French army when he was just 16.

Napoleon was assigned to work in Paris in 1792. After the French monarchy was overthrown in August 1792, he was promoted to captain.

In 1793, he was chosen to direct the artillery against the siege in Toulon. Very soon after Toulon fell and Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general. He was made commander of the French army in Italy and defeated many Austrian Generals. Soon after this Austria and France made peace and Napoleon was released from his command, he was suspected of treason. In 1795, he broke up a revolt and saved the French government. He had earned back respect and* he was once again given command of the French Army in Italy. He came up with a plan that worked very well. «He would cut the enemy"s army in to two parts, then attack one side of them before the other side could help them».

After this, Napoleon was almost impossible to stop. He made an unsuccessful attempt to invade Egypt and in 1799 he returned to France to find the Directory (the French Government) in a mess. He overthrew the Directory, and created a new government, in which there were three consuls and he was the most important one. At this time, everyone in France loved and admired Napoleon; his power increased. In 1802 France signed a peace treaty with England and Germany.

He re-established the University of France, reformed the education system, and founded the Bank of France. He also made the Napoleonic Code: the first clear, compact statement of the French law. The Napoleonic Code has served as a base for legal systems around the world until this day.
Soon he changed the government again and declared himself the Emperor of France. He married Marie Louise, the daughter of the Emperor of Austria. Soon his son was born. He now was the ruler of a Great Empire, and he had 42 million people under his control.

Then he tried to invade Russia, after that his empire began to crumble.

And on April 6,1814, he was forced from the throne and was exiled to the island of Elba. About a year later, he gathered about 1,000 soldiers and went to Paris and regained power. He ruled for a short time and then he surrendered to the English.

He was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic, where he stayed until he died on May 5, 1821. He is supposed to die of cancer, but there are rumours that he was poisoned.

Наполеон Бонапарт

Наполеон Бонапарт родился 15 августа 1769 года на острове Корсика. Он был самым великим героем Франции. Его семья переехала туда из Италии в 16-м столетии. Его настоящее имя было Наполеоне, а его национальность - корсиканский итальянец.

Его отец был адвокатом и поддерживал антифранцузские настроения. Одной из причин того, что Наполеон стал таким великим полководцем и революционером, возможно, было то, что он вырос в радикально настроенной семье. Когда Наполеону было девять лет, отец послал его в Брине, французскую военную правительственную школу, находящуюся в Париже. Именно там он получил свое военное образование. Он учился на артиллериста и офицера. Он закончил свое обучение и присоединился к французской армии, когда ему было только 16.

Наполеону было поручено работать в Париже в 1792 году. После того как французская монархия была свергнута в августе 1792 года, он был повышен до звания капитана.

В 1793 году он направил артиллерию против осажденной Тулузы. Очень скоро, после того как Тулуза пала, Наполеон был повышен до звания бригадного генерала. Он был назначен командующим французской армией в Италии и победил многих австрийские генералов. Вскоре после того как Австрия и Франция подписали мирный договор, Наполеон был освобожден от командования, так как подозревался в измене. В 1795 году он подавил восстание и спас французское правительство. Он вернул уважение, и ему снова доверили командование французской армией в Италии. Он придумал план, который сработал очень хорошо. «Он разобьет армию врага на две части, после чего нападет на одну из сторон прежде, чем другая сторона сможет помочь ей».

После этого Наполеона было почти невозможно остановить. Он сделал неудачную попытку вторгнуться в Египет, и в 1799 году возвратилсяво Францию, где нашел Директорию (французское правительство) в полном хаосе. Он сверг Директорию и создал новое правительство, в котором было три консула, где он был самым главным. В это время каждый во Франции любил и восхищался Наполеоном; его власть усилилась» В 1802 году Франция подписала мирный договор с Англией и Германией.

Он восстановил Университет Франции, преобразовал систему образования и основал Банк Франции. Он также создал Наполеоновский кодекс: первое ясное краткое толкование французского закона. Наполеоновский кодекс послужил основой для создания юридических систем во всем мире. Вскоре он сменил правительство и провозгласил себя императором Франции. Он женился на Марии Луизе, дочери императора Австрии. Скоро родился его сын. Теперь он был правителем великой империи и управлял 42 миллионами человек.

После этого он попытался завоевать Россию, после чего его империя начала рушиться.

И 6 апреля 1814 года он был свергнут и сослан на остров Эльба. Приблизительно год спустя он собрал около 1000 солдат и вошел в Париж, чтобы снова захватить власть. Онправил в течение короткого времени, а затем сдался англичанам.

Он был сослан на остров Св. Елены, что в Южной Атлантике, на котором оставался до самой смерти - 5 мая 1821 года. Считается, что он умер от рака, но есть слухи, что он был отравлен.

Questions:

1. When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
2. What were his original name and nationality?
3. Who sent Napoleon Bonaparte to study to a military school?
4. When was Napoleon promoted to captain?
5. When was Napoleon promoted to brigadier general?
6. What happened in 1795?
7. Did Napoleon Bonaparte try to invade E^ypt?
8. When did he overthrow the Directory?
9. Who was his wife?
10. Did they have any children?
11. When did the French Empire begin to crumble?
12. When was he forced from the throne?
13. Where was Napoleon Bonaparte exiled?
14. Where did Napoleon Bonaparte die?

Vocabulary:

lawyer - юрист, адвокат
to raise - воспитывать (детей); повышать (в звании, должности)
to assign - назначать, определять, устанавливать
to overthrow (past overthrew, p.p. overthrown) - свергать; побеждать; низвергать, уничтожать
to promote - выдвигать, продвигать; повышать в чине/ звании
siege - осада
to defeat - воен. одержать победу над кем-л., наносить поражение; завоевывать
to release - увольнять (с работы), воен. демобилизовать
to suspect of treason - подозревать в измене
to brake (past broke, p.p. broken) up a revolt - начать восстание, мятеж
to earn back - получить обратно
attempt - попытка; проба
to invade - вторгаться, захватывать, оккупировать
in a mess - в беспорядке; путаница,
the Directory - ист. Директория
consul - консул
to admire - восторгаться, восхищаться
to increase - возрастать, увеличивать(ся); расти
to sign a peace treaty - подписать мирное соглашение
statement - заявление, утверждение
law - закон
to serve - служить
legal system - правовая/судебная система
to declare - заявлять, объявлять; провозглашать, объявлять публично
to crumble - терпеть крах, разрушаться, гибнуть
to force from the throne - заставить отречься от трона
to exile - высылать, изгонять, ссылать;
to rule - править, управлять
to surrender - сдавать(ся); капитулировать
rumour - молва, слух
to poison - отравить